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2008年7月26日 星期六

古巴通訊(99)古巴試圖繞開美國 由委國連接互聯網

「台灣古巴後援會籌備中」,第99期通訊,2008年7月26日。


一,古巴試圖繞開美國 由委國連接互聯網
根據在Wikileaks網站公開的秘密合同,古巴計劃通過委內瑞拉海底光纜接入互聯網,該光纜繞過美國,將在二零一零年前完工。古巴與美國佛州相隔僅九十英里,但由於貿易禁運政策,美國拒絕古巴使用附近的海底光纜,使古巴僅能依賴緩慢而昂貴的衛星通訊接入互聯網。據披露,古巴和委內瑞拉零六年起就開始了這項海底數據光纜計劃,該光纜長一千五百公里,連接古巴、牙買加、海地、特立尼達島,最後到達委內瑞拉的拉瓜伊拉港。(張恆)

閣下現正閱讀 亞洲週刊二十二卷三十期 (2008-08-03)
(後援會按:本週無法取得亞洲週刊即期全文,請朋友們稍候。又,本電郵第三則新聞是「古巴與委內瑞拉」的動物互換及李宇軒的感想)

二,報導:俄羅斯否認要在古巴設轟炸機基地
2008-07-25
中時電子報轉【中央社】

「俄羅斯新聞社」報導,國防部今天否認有關正考慮在古巴設轟炸機基地,以報復美國計畫在東歐設飛彈防禦基地的報導。

報導引述俄羅斯國防部發言人白秋羚的話指出:「我們視這類匿名消息來源的報導為假消息。」

俄羅斯新聞社指出,白秋羚意指「消息報」二十一日引用一個匿名軍事消息來源,指莫斯科正考慮將轟炸機隊送到古巴,以報復美國計畫的報導。

他認為這種報導可能是其他在俄羅斯附近設立軍事基地的國家所散布的,明顯暗指美國計畫在波蘭和捷克佈署飛彈防禦計畫的行為。

他說,莫斯科並沒有計畫佈署基地威脅其他國家。

報導引述他的話表示:「在愛好和平的政策下,俄羅斯不會沿著其他國家的邊界建立軍事基地。」
美空軍參謀長提名人史瓦茲將軍二十二日表示,如果俄羅斯要在古巴建立一個可配備核武的轟炸機基地,這將是「跨越美國紅線的行為」。


三,英國經濟學人本週古巴換動物新聞,及李宇軒的感想,李文先:
古巴斑馬的反思
(李宇軒/文藻外語學院國際事務系)

乍看到這則經濟學人的報導,在當前世界一片珍視動物權的脈絡中,顯得有些格格不入。尤其,標題下得有些奇怪,為什麼在當前高油價的環境,古巴竟以斑馬來回報委內瑞拉的低油價補貼?這中間究竟代表什麼邏輯?循著作者標題中提到的外交,當然,我想以動物作為國際外交之禮似乎古今皆不稀有,尤其台灣和中國之間都熟悉的團團、圓圓大貓熊,是為一例。但古巴的斑馬外交,是不是帶出的訊息是如同文章開場的冷笑話,旨在諷刺古巴革命後的民生物資凋敝?至今猶在凸顯古巴內部糧食、物資問題嚴重?

文中笑話看似有理,提到古巴革命前,境內的動物園原是供人休憩、觀光用途,飼養動物之食糧在革命後恐淪為古巴人所爭搶的新來源。尤其在九○年代後冷戰時期,作者提到因蘇聯老大哥不再援助後,古巴的糧荒益烈,笑話版本也隨之更動,動物園掛出的新勸說標語是:「請遊客別吃動物!」如此一個笑話的敍述,反映了古巴的多少社會真實不得而知,但作者老調重彈的是極權國家鎖國後常見的社會景況:原先的消費及生活育樂被極度地限縮。例如文中提及古巴境內的人和動物為了求生存,被迫要改變飲食習慣。

某種程度上,我看了這則新聞後,表面上似乎作者仍在評價自古巴自革命後的整體社會(包括人及動物)辛苦適應著新生活。在油價市場完全受制於外在因素的台灣,我卻隱約感覺到作者無法有效說明的是,在古巴-委內瑞拉,如何這種以物(石油、動物)易物(動物、握手)的第二(道德)經濟得以存在?如果容許我用一個殊異的比喻,即法國思想家Michel Serres談人類「寄生」的社會關係,或許可類比這則報導中的動物交換關係中的宿主與寄生者。

我以為在物資不豐的古巴,在底層的絕大多數(人及動物)能否發展成寄生關係,部份可能憑藉的是在上位者的同志(政權、意識型態、國際結盟)關係,由早期冷戰中的古巴-蘇聯到當前能源短缺局勢中的古巴-委內瑞拉、古巴-中國。文章中提及的動物不論是被圈限或放養,其實都是依賴著宿主(),例如文中談到委內瑞拉動物園因管理不當而使動物的存續有高度危機;而同樣地,古巴的動物園則是因為當權者特准成立野生動物園,難得有動物存活下來可供輸出。這個動物的交換和宿主的生存處境息息相關,並且擴大到當前脈絡來講,則應象徵新一波的政治、經濟及文化的寄生關係,大致包括幾個層面:在左派為名的新舊政權中找到國際盟友、在能源新危機找到共同市場外的以物易物的傳統來源、在文化觀光的訴求中替動物找到新的宿主。

如此一來,則動物交換不僅為外交關係的一種舊形式,而包括寄生關係的深層脈絡與新思維。或許斑馬未來帶來的是古巴-委內瑞拉兩國的文化衝擊及認同?也可能促成新的動物權的詮釋,例如報導文末顯然有些嘲諷意味:古巴的動物被送到委內瑞拉新宿主中,暗指新家是較富足(但我以為他們可能快樂一下子而已,或許接著要面對大批文化觀光的旅客凝視?);而相對地,搬到古巴去的委內瑞拉動物將要一切忍耐,努力適應新生活(問題不應只是失去言說自由權,而是他們可能也有機會反樸歸真??)

Venezuela and Cuba
Parrot diplomacy
Jul 24th 2008 | CARACAS
From The Economist print edition
Having rescued Cuba with cheap oil, Venezuela is to be paid back in zebras

SOON after Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba in 1959, goes an old Cuban joke, the signs at the Havana zoo that read "Please do not feed the animals" were changed to "Please do not take the animals' food". When the Soviet Union crumbled and withdrew its aid to Cuba, triggering the so-called "special period" that began in the early 1990s, times became even harder and the joke changed. The new signs, so the story went, begged visitors not to eat the animals.

For those who lived through it, the special period was anything but funny. Domestic cats disappeared from the streets and reappeared on the dinner table. The zoo population thinned out. "The peacocks, the buffalo and even the rhea [a South American bird that resembles an ostrich] disappeared," says a Havana resident. "The hyaenas became vegetarians, the zoo was depopulated and even the tigers had only sweet potatoes and a bit of cassava to eat."

But while the old 26th Avenue Zoo in Havana was losing its animals, the revolutionary authorities somehow maintained a safari park outside the city. Captive breeding programmes for zebras and some primates survived. And now the comrades in Venezuela, whose president, Hugo Chávez, provides Cuba with a generous oil subsidy that put an end to the special period, are to benefit from it.

The Caricuao zoo in Caracas, Venezuela's capital, is a shadow of its former self. Its last giraffe, Napoleón, died 15 years ago. Ruperta, the last elephant, has been alone for over two years. Gone are the zebras, kangaroos and ostriches. Its director, Carlos Audrines, attributes the decline more to a "crisis of management" than lack of cash, like much else in Venezuela. But thanks to high oil prices and revolutionary solidarity, plans are now afoot to refurbish the rundown facilities and restock the zoo.

Cuba is to supply 19 animals from species of which it now has a surplus. They include a giraffe, two lions, four zebras, a rhino and a pygmy hippo. In what Mr Audrines describes as a barter arrangement (in which the Cubans seem to get the rough end), Caracas will trade them for eight macaws, two tapirs, a puma and four capybaras. Further swaps are planned. Negotiations are also under way with zoos in Moscow and Quito.

The animals from Cuba can expect the diet to be better in their new home and the visitors to be slightly more free-range. But the Venezuelan animals may not be so pleased with the deal. The puma is being kept under a green awning during quarantine to prevent an attack of nerves, say the Caricuao zoo keepers. The mood of the notoriously outspoken Venezuelan macaws on being packed off to an island where freedom of speech is a luxury can only be guessed at.

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